4. Inflammation and Immunology

4. Inflammation and Immunology

4.1. Mechanisms

With regard to the release of cytokines, cultered macrophages with water extract of velvet antler at least it seems to be so secrete TNF-, IL-6, IL-12p40 and / ml 100-150ug focus. [18]

It has been observed in the extraction of ethanol that after oral ingestion of 100 mg / kg, and suppress the secretion of nitric oxide peritoneal macrophages while stimulating activity secondary eaters to mobilize calcium, [19] and has been observed to increase the number of macrophage cells in a manner dependent on the concentration of up to 171.5% in 150 micrograms / ml with water extraction (and 132.4% for splenocytes). It seems [18] and this immune-related molecules Alert phosphatidylcholine with acyl chains of saturated fatty acids [20] solution, and is believed to be behind a counter effect of the infection in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus when Velvet antler ingested 500 mg / kg. [18]

It seems that the mechanisms to be anti-inflammatory in the individual cell level, but maybe the immune stimulant. It has made further studies are needed mechanisms, but it may be velvet antler agent immune possible

4.2. Allergies

In the mouse model of egg albumin awareness, and given 4 weeks antler velvet total 2.5-10mg (not the weight of mice, on the assumption that this is equal to 20G 125-500mg / kg or 10-40 mg / kg was humans) able to reduce the Total E immunoglobulin (IgE) and a team of international experts for the government egg albumin 14, 21 and 28 days. [21] When challenged with Mithacolin then measured may force the airways, it looks like velvet antler is making to combat asthma with respect to sensitivity. [21]

One study suggests anti-allergy effects in an animal model of allergic asthma

4.3. Arthritis

In dogs with radiographic evidence of osteroarthrosis 560-1120mg given antler velvet for 30 days (based on the weight to 560 mg for children under 40 kg 0.840 mg particular 40-59.9kg and 1120 mg 60-79.9kg given) was able to improve walking, according to the evaluation forceplates and improving activities of daily living (assessed by the owner). [22]

In 168 people suffer from rheumatoid arthritis stable, but this pain (25-100mm The VAS scale) is given either 1 gram of velvet deer antler or placebo for 6 months showed no statistically significant differences between placebo and velvet antler in terms of pain. [23] In another study by the same research team using a size smaller sample (n = 40) graded doses of 430 mg 0.860 mg and 1290mg per day was noted that there is a trend depends on the dose to reduce the symptoms of pain, but this was not statistically significant . [24]

A systematic review of human interventions [25] makes note of the study in patients with osteoarthritis (Edelman et al. 2000 ;. can not be found on the Internet), who found an improvement in the symptoms of joint pain from baseline in the group Velvet antler and not a placebo, although of the lack of information about blinding and randomization is opposed to the results that can be drawn from this study.

Both human studies have tested the rheumatoid arthritis now negative, which indicates that there is great benefit of velvet century 403-1290mg taken daily to reduce pain in rheumatoid arthritis


5. interact with physical performance

5.1. Speeches

Study in men given 1.5 grams velvet century for 11 weeks found that the intake of velvet antler was associated with greater improvement in peak torque (30 +/- 21% at baseline versus placebo increased 13 +/- 15%) and the average energy (21 +/- 19 +/- 12% versus 7%) as assessed by leg extension. The researchers noted that there were no other criteria indicate improved strength (as improve endocrine glands or red blood cells), and pointed out that there is a need to repeat them. [26] lack of aerodynamic improvement was observed in this study contradict another study using velvet 2,700mg century (two doses of 1,350mg daily for 10 weeks) to improve VO2 max by 9.8%, despite the fact that this study was the high dropout rate marked by 44%, which opposes the conclusions that can be drawn. [27]

And it failed to study in the blasphemers velvet Root 560 mg given for 10 weeks of training to find improvements in performance or other parameters strength rowing (press and bench press leg) in both sexes. It was noted [28] antler velvet 1350mg twice daily (daily dose of 2,700mg) for 10 weeks to increase leg strength (evaluation through the leg press) more than placebo no difference in the banking Press. This study was a dropout rate of 44% and the conclusions that can be drawn is limited. [27]

In general, a systematic review notes [25] on the subject of strengthening the performance of the previous tests are preliminary and although some promise requires further investigation because of discrepancies in the notes. Currently there is insufficient evidence to support the antler velvet as an adjunct generator to power work.

He noted mixed on the benefits of physical performance, with the previous study to increase their strength in the need to be repeated


6. skeletal mass and bone metabolism

6.1. Break

Currently, the study that led to the broken bones in rats and 20 mg / kg injection polypeptide centuries velvet in the region every day for seven weeks and found that the fracture healing rate depends on the dose is increased in the weeks 4-7 regard to the control and load weight increase bone after rehabilitation with 10 mg / kg (60.7%) and 20 mg / kg (93% more than the control) after 7 weeks. Proposed [29] study in the laboratory that this was due to the concentration depends on the precursors of bone and cartilage mitogenic activity. [29]

Preliminary evidence to support the idea that velvet antler accelerated rate of bone healing, and the need to reproduce or after oral intake (rather than injections)


7. interaction with hormones

7.1. Testosterone

1 gram of failed antler velvet taken daily for 12 weeks in healthy adult men to a significant change in serum testosterone levels, either in whole or in free testosterone. [8] Another study in healthy men also have failed to find such an impact on the personal endocrine, with 11 weeks of supplementation 1.5G not to change testosterone in the blood [26] and also the lack of effects observed after 10 weeks of 560 mg in men and women who performed kayaking coherent system. [28]

A study in mice to investigate toxic effects that 10% of the diet as velvet antler from day 18 of pregnancy to the 88th day after birth reduces the activity of the enzyme γ-GT by 22% in men and 14% in female births. This is mentioned as the authors suspect the effect of androgenic possible (without support in the study). [30]

There is no evidence to support the idea that velvet antler increases circulating testosterone levels in the blood

7.2. IGF-1

Insulin-like factor 1 (IGF-1) is a growth stimulant that appears to induce the growth of centuries themselves molecule, [31] [32] Although testosterone can be a primary growth factor. [33] At the present time, there is no evidence that serum IGF-1 increases after eating velvet antler with a study using 1.5 g of velvet antler for 11 weeks failed to increase serum IGF-1. [26]

There is currently no evidence to support an increase in the levels of IGF-1 as a result of the consumption of velvet antler

7.3. Hormone

1 gram of failed antler velvet taken daily for 12 weeks in healthy adult men to a significant change in blood hormone (LH) more than placebo. [8]


7.4. Follicle stimulating hormone

1 gram of failed antler velvet taken daily for 12 weeks in healthy adult men to a major change in the alarm blood follicle (FSH) more than placebo. [8]


7.5. Prolactin

1 gram of failed antler velvet taken daily for 12 weeks in healthy adult men to a significant change in the levels of prolactin in the blood more than placebo. [8]



8. aesthetic reactions

8.1. Skin

In a study of mice with diabetes because of a topical wound (scalpel and scissors to create cricle, diabetes tends to reduce wound healing rates [34] and therefore diabetic rats are good research prices wound closure model) where either control or cream containing 400 micrograms antler velvet ( Elk, water soluble extract). He pointed out that there are fewer blood vessels and the trend towards less inflammation assocaited with antler velvet cream, while in day 7 wounds treated with horns cream was much smaller than the control [35] protein 3.2kDa him and found to possess the wound healing properties, and are based on dose, has been observed to improve wound healing burns caused by 0.05 to 0.1% solution [36] in the laboratory in 10 -40mcg / ml. [37]

No human studies, but preliminary studies, mice in the laboratory indicate that the Velvet topical century has regenerative properties of the skin, can improve wound closure


9. Safety and Toxicology

9.1. Public

Sharp dose of 2000 mg / kg of Deir velvet mice antler (doses human equivalent of 320 mg / kg) did not show more than 14 days of observation of toxic signs, and test for 90 days with a daily dose of 1000 mg / kg did not show any blood toxicity symptoms of large signs. A decrease in liver weight in men has been observed, but under the histological examination it seems benign. [38] A study Toxicology Last mice using 10% of the diet such as deer velvet antler during pregnancy and after birth there was any traces teratogenic clear in the offspring of mice which AST in serum (indicate liver damage) was in fact 50% decrease relative to the control without effect on γ-GT (liver enzymes else). [30]