2. molecular targets
2.1. Stress hormone receptors
Oleic acid and lauric acid obtained from Palmetto reference standards of these two fatty acids, appears to reduce the prazosin binding to α1-adrenergic receptors. [8] IC50 to prevent prazosin binding 41.8-46.3μg / ml and 84 -92.1μg / ml of oleic acid and lauric acid, respectively. [8] I have found a subsequent study that saw palmetto oils (Genesis unspecified) prevents the law from both prazosin and tamsulosin for α1-adrenergic receptors. [11]
It is believed that this reduction in ligand binding to occur and not through a competitive mechanism as saw palmetto appeared to reduce the total number of binding sites in the α1-adrenergic receptors and (when tested in isolation) points by the receiver. [11]
In vitro studies have shown that saw palmetto components adversely affect the ability of bonds to Rbt- α1 stress hormone receptors, and inhibition of downstream signals.
Was found on the oral ingestion of saw palmetto extract supercritical CO2 6-60mg / kg in mice within four weeks to increase Bmax (binding overall capacity) of prazosin receptor stress hormone α1 expressed in prostate [12] indicating a chronic adjustment in exchange acute effects.
2.2. Cholinergic receptors
Oleic acid and lauric acid derived from Palmetto and reference standards of these two fatty acids, it seems that the convergence of muscarinic receptors with the values IC50 (to reduce the binding of the N-methylscopolamine (NMS) in brain tissue) from 70.6 to 91.3 micrograms / ml and 157. 163μg / ml, respectively. [8]
It was found chronic ingestion of 0.6-60mg / kg of supercritical CO2 extract of saw palmetto to reduce the Bmax (total binding affinity) of the NMS in the bladder at all doses tested. [12]
2.3. Ion channels
After they have been observed both oleic acid and lauric acid to reduce the binding of the drug Alasradepen 1,4-DHP (dihydropyridine) receptors, [8], which is a calcium-channel receivers. [13] The IC50 of oleic acid in the prevention of drug binding Alasradepen 33.3 -50.6μg / ml while the IC50 of lauric acid was 65.7-79.5μg / ml. [8]
2.4. 5α reductase
Extract of CO2 supercritical used in the tests (Sabalselect [14]) has been tested for its actions 5α reductase in mice, it was found that two of the components, oleic acid and lauric acid, fatty acids inhibit the activity of this enzyme IC50 values of 54.3-54.5μg / ml and 66.2-67.6 μg / ml, respectively. [8] The inhibitory action along the lines of fatty acids that have been obtained from other sources, compared with those obtained through the saw palmetto. [8]
The study found a human attempt to assess the 5α reductase activity in response to 160 mg of extract of lipidosterolic that after one week of supplementation that both testosterone and DHT in serum were not affected compared to baseline. [15]
3. Pharmacy
3.1. Phase I metabolism
Saw palmetto to have an inhibitory effect on CYP2C8 activity, and an estimated value of IC50 of 15.4 +/- 1.7μg / ml, which in theory could be relevant physiologically has been shown. [16]
4. Cardiovascular Health
4.1. Heart tissue
A study conducted on mice that manage 60 mg / kg of supercritical extraction CO2 by mouth for four weeks increased prazosin binding to receptors α1 adrenergic in cardiac tissue by 30.5%, the effect is not noticeable for 6 mg / kg or less; no dose in 0.6 -60mg Group / kg affected muscarinic receptors Bmax (maximum binding capacity Legend). [12]
5. Inflammation and Immunology
5.1. Mechanisms
In keratinocytes trreated factor of stress inflammatory factors (LPS), a mixture of Palmetto with L- Carnitine and acid alpha-lipoic -0.1% medium (ratios unspecified) was the actions of anti-inflammatory and according to assess the changes in some vital signs (CCL17, CXCL6, and Allikotren B4). [17] Due to the effects of saw palmetto in isolation were not studied in this particular study, but it is not clear what the individual component (s) of this mixture in charge of the anti-inflammatory activity.
Observed anti-inflammatory effect with Permixon® extract hexane lipidosterolic saw palmetto, in human prostate cells (BPH-1, WPMY-1, and PC3) concentrations 10-56μg / ml by reducing the expression and the content of chemokine (MCP-1 / CCL2) and factors adhesion (VCAM-1). Been replicated [18] This effect in another study using the cell line BPH, where many downregulated genes involved in inflammation leads to inflammatory effect of a small number of cytokines (IL-6, IL-15 and IL 17) being suppressed. [19]
6. interact with hormones
6.1. Androgens
A supercritical CO2 extract used in the tests (Sabalselect® [14]) has been tested for its actions 5α reductase in mice, it was found that two of the components, oleic acid and lauric acid, fatty acids inhibit the activity of this enzyme with IC50 values of 54.3-54.5 μg / ml and 66.2-67.6 μg / ml respectively [8] (lauric acid has been observed to peak efficiency in 200μM [7]). This was similar to the effect of an inhibitor of fatty acids that have been obtained from other sources, compared with those obtained through the saw palmetto. [8] in other places after the fatty acids tested at higher concentrations (2 mm) and found effective Myristic acid [7] which is known to the present also in Palmetto. [8]
Other studies have found that the assessment of saw palmetto extract from the hexane extract of saw palmetto (Permixon®) in insect cells to express the type of DNA 5α reductase I 5α reductase inhibitied isomer with IC50 of 4μg / ml while also preventing type II 7μg isomer / ml; [20] It has been assumed this power, but not confirmed, that this is due to the aliphatic fatty acids are known to interact with this enzyme [21] have found other studies using this effectively extract at a concentration of 10 micrograms / ml (plasma concentration is calculated therapeutic dose oral ) [22] [10] even 72-76% inhibition of both Aesfurmes. This efficiency is similar to finasteride (83%) in the therapeutic concentration of 5 nm. [10]
It was found that this effect damper to reduce the synthesis of DHT from testosterone in the prostate epithelial cells, where the local synthesis of DHT's happening more, and prostate fibroblasts. Permixon® was extracted and IC50 less than 10 micrograms / ml in fibroblasts and 70 μg / ml in the epithelial cells. [23]
Specifically the hexane extract, saw palmetto seems to prevent the two isomers of 5α reductase enzyme concentrations that approximate plasma concentrations reached via oral ingestion of the supplement. It has been proven that these inhibitory effects to reduce the formation of DHT in the laboratory, and although it is less powerful than it appears to be comparable to the effectiveness of finasteride. Not sure what molecule (s) mediate this purpose, as we have seen in extracts much larger than in the diet of fatty acids power saw palmetto.
It has been observed in prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) that while finasteride suppresses the activity of the type II isomer 5α reductase with other effects (suppress the secretion of PSA and down regulate the androgen receptor prostate), and saw palmetto can not downregulate the androgen receptor or the effect of secretion rates PSA. [10]
This is an excerpt from Palmetto also failed to influence the binding to the androgen receptor promoter in LNCaP cells. [10] In another study using human foreskin fibroblasts observed inhibitory effects on DHT bind to each of the cytosolic and nuclear receptors (the latter believed that androgen) receptors. [24]
There is mixed evidence on the effects of saw palmetto in androgen receptors.
Study the use of the saw palmetto combined with Haematococcus pluvialis astaxanthin source 800-1,200mg one day (doses of specific constituents and the type of extracting non-specific) found an increase in testosterone in a range of 1200 mg 3804% compared to placebo when used in the context of 14 days we did not reach statistical significance. DHT is specified low volume seems to reach significance. [2] Other evaluation studies on saw palmetto testosterone confused Similarly with other nutrients [25] [26] [27] [28] with the study using saw palmetto (extract lipidosterolic) in the isolation of 160 mg more than a week not to influence testosterone or serum DHT concentrations relative to baseline (as finasteride was effective in reducing DHT). [15]
Evaluation studies of saw palmetto testosterone currently very confused with other nutrients or have a potential conflict of interest. A single study, which lasts only one week using saw palmetto in isolation failed to find any effect on testosterone or DHT.
7. Peripheral Systems
7.1. Urinary Tract
I saw palmetto mechanisms that are thought to be related to be placed in the lower urinary tract include deleted α1- adrenergic signals, and 1,4-dihydropyridine muscarinic receptors. [14] [12]
It has been observed in mice using the extract of saw palmetto (CO2 supercritical) to 0.6 mg / kg 0.6 mg / kg or 60 mg / kg daily for four weeks to increase values Bmax (maximum number of binding) of prazosin in the prostate in two locations higher doses of 23.6 to 36.7%, while the highest dose affected the spleen (26.1%), heart (30.5%) only. [12] It has been observed the opposite effect where Bmax muscarinic receptors in the bladder fell highest two doses (31.8 to 41.2%) with a decrease in the gland under the jaw 60 mg / kg (17.9%) and a slight increase at 0.6 mg / kg (13.8% ). [12]
7.2. Prostate
6-60mg / kg of supercritical extraction CO2 from Palmetto, when administered orally to rats for four weeks prazosin increase Bmax in the prostate by 23.6% up to 36.7. 0.6 mg / kg was ineffective. [12]
A retrospective of 320 mg Peroxim study in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia with PSA less than 10 ng / ml found that circulating PSA levels appeared to decrease from 5.39ng / ml 4.38 ng / ml for (19%) during the study for six months. [29]
8. interact with the metabolism of cancer
8.1. Glioma
/ Found ml study in tumor cells (U87 and U251) using Saw Palmetto from 1 g to the nursery was able to reduce the protein content of PI3K (involved in the path known signals to play a role in promoting the invasion of the cell [30] lines [31 ]) and prosurvival My C-XL protein in both cell lines, while p53 protein showed differential effects depending on the cell line. [32]
8.2. Prostate
LNCaP cancer cells PC3 deal with the extract of saw palmetto lipido (44 or 88μg / ml) was found concentrations of whether they are able to reduce the number of cells tested three points of time (24.48, and 72 hours) [33] While it seems CD45 - / CK5-CK8 + removed from patients with prostate adenocarcinoma cells also have a reduction of 44μg / ml of this excerpt, which pushes cells and intervened in the growth NF- KB. [33]
One trial (open without supervision) using formulaton saw palmetto with seven other herbs (out of known as PC-SPES commercial structure [34]) found an improvement in PSA levels in 10 threads registered with hormone refractory prostate cancer after 24 weeks of treatment. [35] remove weeds that PSA levels return to baseline. [35]
9. aesthetic reactions
9.1. Hair
Male pattern baldness, also known as androgenetic alopecia, hair loss is androgen dependent largely dependent disorder of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) produced by 5α reductase enzyme that. [36] There are isomers of this enzyme with 5α type shorthand II more strongly involved in hair loss that leads to the selective type inhibitor 5α reductase II, finasteride, which achieves success in preventing baldness is associated with androgen (regardless of biological sex [37] [38] ). Despite the abundance of type II Aesfurmes in the hair follicles, inhibiting both type I and type II may be more effective in preventing hair loss as dutasteride (an inhibitor of both) of finasteride. [39] have been studied [40] saw palmetto in male pattern baldness because of the presence of inhibitory action against both Aesfurmes of the enzyme. [8]
Liposterolic saw palmetto extract (200 mg of 85-95% of the content liposterolic) combined with 50mg β- sitosterol and some vitamins B (100 micrograms of biotin, niacin 15 mg) in 10 healthy men with androgenetic alopecia 24.7 18. During the weeks and found that 60% of Patients have improved hair (investigator assessment of blind) compared with placebo in the subject, even though the objective is not to take action. [1] Subsequent study of the use of evaluation of 320 mg of saw palmetto in two years, in healthy men with male pattern baldness pointed out that 38% of patients treated with saw palmetto reported an increase in hair that performs less effective than finasteride 1 mg growth (66%); it seemed Saw palmetto is mainly to work in the crown of the head while finasteride was effective in the crown area and the front. [41]
It is known Dihydrotestoterone (DHT), produced by the two isotopes of 5α reductase enzymes to play a role in male pattern baldness. Since saw palmetto both similarities prevents the enzyme, has been studied in humans, and it seems to be effective to some extent on the basis of limited evidence, but not as effective as finasteride.
10. interaction with medical conditions
10.1. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Saw palmetto can affect benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) prevents 5α reductase [8] and connects to α1 stress hormone receptors, [8] and both molecular targets for BPH (assuming α1- adrenergic receptor inhibition). [42]
With regard to prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a biomarker for prostate cancer, and treatment of the cells that contain a mixture saw Permixon® has been observed Palmetto to inhibit the enzyme 5α reductase in 10 micrograms / ml (up to 72-76% with similar strength among Aesfurmes) without affecting the the secretion of PSA [22] [10], even when the culture is stimulated with testosterone or DHT. [22] [10] and this effect varies from finasteride, in therapeutic concentrations, and the suppression of the increases caused by DHT from PSA. It is believed [10] this contradiction to be due to how to organize the PSA before androgen [43] as saw palmetto does not interfere with androgen, referring to the prostate cell. [10]
Saw palmetto prevents 5α reduction in prostate cancer cells in the laboratory, but does not affect the levels of PSA. This may be because he saw palmetto does not interfere with androgen, referring to the prostate cells, and PSA is regulated by androgens.
Saw palmetto has been the subject of many studies and descriptive analyzes for BPH, with mixed results.
Early trial found that saw palmetto increases the flow of urine and reduces frequent urination during the night in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. [44]
I found, another study in early double-blind placebo-controlled than 320 mg per day Permixon® significant improvement in many of the symptoms of BPH on placebo. [45] After a retrospective study in men who suffer from urinary symptoms caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (without prostate cancer and PSA less than 10 ng / ml) 320 mg given saw palmetto (Permixon®) for six months confirmed this. Have been found [29] improvement in urinary symptoms in Palmetto is used alone, and when used in conjunction with alpha inhibitors, while saw palmetto only showed better responses amidst size vanity and intermittent flow of urine, while the combination therapy faster than the peak flow improvement. [29]
Another study using the saw palmetto with tamsulosin (α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist) during 6-12 months in men with combination therapy BPH found more effective than tamsulosin alone [46], while the combination therapy with selenium (50 micrograms) and lycopene (5 mg) by supercritical extract of the saw palmetto (320 mg) appeared to perform equally to 400 micrograms tamsulosin after year to improve urinary symptoms and erectile dysfunction. [3] tamsulosin add this combination therapy increased more benefits [3].
In spite of these positive individual results, the Cochrane review later concluded that saw palmetto better than placebo for many aspects of BPH is. [47] This is in contrast to the conclusion of the previous Cochrane review that saw palmetto to be effective. [48] The reason given for the opposite end due to the fact that most previous studies in the review were short and lack of energy are called, and validated also used measures of results. And it included a review of the later experiments [49] [50], which uses international verification of good health as a result of prostate symptoms. The first showed a slight improvement, barely large in this regard, and not the second. By taking these studies into account, along with other recent studies, authors of the review concluded that there was no significant benefit on placebo, but I will say that the evidence is mixed to some extent. [47] review of the recent Cochrane group, which included two new studies found a statistically significant for the night and the symptoms reported by patients, but it is not statistically significant for Score the American Society of Urological effects, urine peak flow, rating the doctor improved symptoms, or the size of the prostate in studies compared with placebo. [51]
Evidence to show the effects of saw palmetto for BPH to be mixed. Several small studies some benefits have been found, but the largest, well-conducted studies tend to find any benefits or weak, with search recent systematic review of some great benefits to placebo.
11. Safety and Toxicology
11.1. Public
Saw palmetto contains tannic acid, which bind and reduce iron bioavailability. Have also been reported [52] sexual weakness simple, perhaps through pro-estrogenic effects. Beyond that, side effects are not distinguished from placebo. [53]
11.2. Case studies
I saw two reports the case of inflammation of the pancreas may repoted Palmetto. [54] [55] and in one case was reported liver damage. [56]
A case study of a young (11 years) because of saw palmetto to treat hair loss loss (a type of hair loss) who suffered from hot flashes that are no longer Annex when he was no longer taken. It was seen as likely that these side effects were due to be completed use. [57] The second case on the 10-year-old described the study as hot flashes when taking supplements containing saw palmetto for hirsutism. [58] appearing hot flashes after a new challenge, and began menstrual four months after taking the supplement. [58]
Wednesday, 12 August 2015
Saw Palmetto I saw it praised the Palmetto mixture of repens
Saw Palmetto
I saw it praised the Palmetto mixture of repens fatty from creeping acids for its ability to increase testosterone (ineffective) and suppress the growth of prostate (effectiveness is questionable); it was safe to use in benign prostatic hyperplasia and rates of flow of urine is normal in men, but studies have conflicting results of in terms of efficiency.
Saw Palmetto is a supplement that is derived from the fruit of the saw palmetto plant. Supplement (Palmetto) has a caloric value, because it is a combination of fatty acids.
Fatty acids in question have the ability to prevent the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the latter of which is more androgenic, and can cause hair loss in genetically susceptible.
Is used for its effects on the production of DHT also resulted in saw palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men. Some studies have shown positive results, but brought the largest and most well-designed studies to be effective in question.
What You Should Know
Also known as
Creeping repens
Taking (the recommended dose, active and quantities, and other details)
While the active compound (s) is not yet known, it is known to exist in what is known as breakage "liposterolic" of fruit. If the use of saw palmetto to choose the product that discloses the percentage of extension that this break.
Saw palmetto supplements tends to be in the range of 160-320 mg, once a day, for a product is 80-90% by weight of vehicles liposterolic. Although it was not confirmed whether the needs of saw palmetto taken with food because of the nature of the insoluble fraction of this is advised.
1.1. Origin and installation
'Saw palmetto "refers to the creeping raspberry repens known as saw palmetto traditionally used for male fertility and sexual desire and claimed to increase breast size in women. [4]
The fruits of saw palmetto, referred to SRM 3250, [5] have the following composition:
Two biologically active fatty acids Home (see the rest of the full summary for more details): (Z) -9-octadecenoic acid (C18: 1N-9) (oleic acid) block 3.24 ± 0.15% in the dry acid triglyceride and 33.7 ± 1.9 mg / g dry weight of free fatty acids, and dodecanoic (C12: 0) (lauric acid) 2.962 ± 0.062% of the dry weight as triglycerides and 7, 21 ± 0.036mg / g dry weight of free fatty acids as [6]
Octanoic acid (C8: 0) (caprylic acid): FFA dry mass as 0.1072 ± 0.0027% and 0.781 ± trigycerides 0.036mg / g dry weight [6]
Decanoic acid (C10: 0) (capric): 0.1175 ± 0.0055% dry mass as acid triglycerides [6]
Tridecanoic acid (C13: 0): dry mass as 0.0076 ± 0.0014% and 0.0165 fatty acids trglycerides ± 0.0011mg / g dry mass as free [6]
FFA 1.103 ± 0.007% dry mass as triglycerides and 5.96 ± 0.21mg / g dry weight [6]: tetradecanoic acid (C14: 0) (Myristic acid)
Pentadecanoic acid (C15: 0): 0.0047 ± 0.0006% dried mass as triglycerides and fatty acids 0.0121 ± 0.0009mg / g dry weight Free [6]
FFA 0.869 ± 0.027% dry mass as triglycerides and 8.72 ± 0.45mg / g dry weight [6]: hexadecanoic acid (C16: 0) (palmitic acid)
(Z) -9-hexadecenoic acid (C16: 1N-7) (Albalmtewolak acid): 0.0158 ± 0.0010% dried mass as triglycerides and 0.216 ± 0.014mg / g dry weight of free fatty acids as [6]
Heptadecanoic acid (C17: 0): 0.0061% dry mass ± 0.0007 0.0926 ± triglycerides and 0.0060 mg / g free fatty acids as [6]
Stearic acid (C18: 0): 0.1791 ± 0.0054% dry mass as triglycerides and fatty acids 2.023 g ± 0.094mg / free [6] (stearic acid)
(Z) -11-octadecenoic acid (C18: 1N-7) (acid vaccenic): 0.0547 ± 0.0030% dried mass as triglycerides and 0.789 ± 0.053mg / g dry weight of free fatty acids as [6]
(Z, Z) acid 9,12-octadecadienoic (C18: 2N-6) (linoleic acid): 0.824 ± 0.055% dry mass as triglycerides and 5.70 ± 0.48mg / g dry weight of free fatty acids as [6]
(Z, Z, Z) -9,12,15 acid-octadecatrienoic (C18: 3 n 3) (linolenic acid): 0.194 ± 0.025% dry mass as triglycerides and fatty acids 1.351 g ± 0.050mg / free [6] Acid -Eicosanoic (C20: 0) (acid peanuts): FFA dry mass% 0.0097 ± 0.0002 0.1455 ± triglycerides and 0.0076 mg / mg dry mass [6] - (Z) -11 eicosenoic acid (C20: 1N-9) ( Acid gondoic): 0.0173 ± 0.0006% dry mass as triglycerides [6] acid -Docosanoic (C22: 0) (behenic) acid: 0 dry mass, 0.0002% ± 0066 as triglycerides and 0.0564 ± 0.0050mg / g fatty acids dry free mass in terms of [6] acid -Tetracosanoic (C24: 0) (lignoceric acid) dry weight 0.0107 ± 0.0003% and triglycerides 0.0960 ± 0.0033mg / g free fatty acids as [6]
Campesterol (a phytosterol) to 0.1175 ± 0.0025mg / g dry weight [6]
β- sitosterol (a phytosterol) to 0.454 ± 0.018mg / g dry weight [6]
Stigmasterol (a phytosterol) to 0.0477 ± 0.0020mg / g dry weight [6]
In general, most of the saw palmetto fatty acids present as triglycerides in the form of free fatty acids. [6]
Saw palmetto contains many fatty acids, mainly in triglycerides, and phytosterols form.
The mechanism of action that saw palmetto is known for its inhibition of the enzyme 5α reductase, which is responsible for converting testosterone to the more androgenic form, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Anti-5 α reductase is fat soluble extracts of fruits, [7] with more power in the thigh saponificable. [7]
Saw palmetto vital activity tends to focus on components that are fat-soluble of berries.
1.2. Formulations and variables
Supercritical CO2 extract of saw palmetto, also known under the brand name Sabalselect®, tend to have a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (84%) with less than esters of fatty acids amounts (10%) and less than 2% of other chemical components ( phytosterols, aliphatic alcohols, and vehicles polypyrenic). [8] Sabalselect® similar to the National Institute of Standards and Technology reference material SRM 3251, which is extracted using a similar procedure. [5]
This extraction process increases the amount of fatty acids as triglycerides on the ground fruit (6-25 times [5]), consisting mostly of unsaturated fatty acids lauric (aka. Dodecanoic) and oleic acid with some palmitic acid Almirastic major components of acid next. [8] [9] [5]
This conclusion, in particular, in contrast to the raw berries, certified and concentrations of phytosterols (campesterol, β- sitosterol and stigmasterol), carotenoids (46.8μg / g as β-carotene), vitamin E vitamers (gamma-tocopherol and delta in 280μg / g 35.3μg g /) . [5]
Excerpts supercritical CO2 is one of the basic forms of saw palmetto extracts.
Another is known as a fatty extract Permixon® hexane extract n / sterols extract of the fruit. [10]
Known as the extract IDS 89 (Strogen®) capable of 5α reductase inhibition in vitro with IC50 of 2,200μg / ml when assayed in the mixture entire prostate, while having some effectiveness in 500μg / ml in all epithelial cells and prostate tissue. [7] found this excerpt to be non-competitive inhibitor. [7]
I saw it praised the Palmetto mixture of repens fatty from creeping acids for its ability to increase testosterone (ineffective) and suppress the growth of prostate (effectiveness is questionable); it was safe to use in benign prostatic hyperplasia and rates of flow of urine is normal in men, but studies have conflicting results of in terms of efficiency.
Saw Palmetto is a supplement that is derived from the fruit of the saw palmetto plant. Supplement (Palmetto) has a caloric value, because it is a combination of fatty acids.
Fatty acids in question have the ability to prevent the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the latter of which is more androgenic, and can cause hair loss in genetically susceptible.
Is used for its effects on the production of DHT also resulted in saw palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men. Some studies have shown positive results, but brought the largest and most well-designed studies to be effective in question.
What You Should Know
Also known as
Creeping repens
Taking (the recommended dose, active and quantities, and other details)
While the active compound (s) is not yet known, it is known to exist in what is known as breakage "liposterolic" of fruit. If the use of saw palmetto to choose the product that discloses the percentage of extension that this break.
Saw palmetto supplements tends to be in the range of 160-320 mg, once a day, for a product is 80-90% by weight of vehicles liposterolic. Although it was not confirmed whether the needs of saw palmetto taken with food because of the nature of the insoluble fraction of this is advised.
1.1. Origin and installation
'Saw palmetto "refers to the creeping raspberry repens known as saw palmetto traditionally used for male fertility and sexual desire and claimed to increase breast size in women. [4]
The fruits of saw palmetto, referred to SRM 3250, [5] have the following composition:
Two biologically active fatty acids Home (see the rest of the full summary for more details): (Z) -9-octadecenoic acid (C18: 1N-9) (oleic acid) block 3.24 ± 0.15% in the dry acid triglyceride and 33.7 ± 1.9 mg / g dry weight of free fatty acids, and dodecanoic (C12: 0) (lauric acid) 2.962 ± 0.062% of the dry weight as triglycerides and 7, 21 ± 0.036mg / g dry weight of free fatty acids as [6]
Octanoic acid (C8: 0) (caprylic acid): FFA dry mass as 0.1072 ± 0.0027% and 0.781 ± trigycerides 0.036mg / g dry weight [6]
Decanoic acid (C10: 0) (capric): 0.1175 ± 0.0055% dry mass as acid triglycerides [6]
Tridecanoic acid (C13: 0): dry mass as 0.0076 ± 0.0014% and 0.0165 fatty acids trglycerides ± 0.0011mg / g dry mass as free [6]
FFA 1.103 ± 0.007% dry mass as triglycerides and 5.96 ± 0.21mg / g dry weight [6]: tetradecanoic acid (C14: 0) (Myristic acid)
Pentadecanoic acid (C15: 0): 0.0047 ± 0.0006% dried mass as triglycerides and fatty acids 0.0121 ± 0.0009mg / g dry weight Free [6]
FFA 0.869 ± 0.027% dry mass as triglycerides and 8.72 ± 0.45mg / g dry weight [6]: hexadecanoic acid (C16: 0) (palmitic acid)
(Z) -9-hexadecenoic acid (C16: 1N-7) (Albalmtewolak acid): 0.0158 ± 0.0010% dried mass as triglycerides and 0.216 ± 0.014mg / g dry weight of free fatty acids as [6]
Heptadecanoic acid (C17: 0): 0.0061% dry mass ± 0.0007 0.0926 ± triglycerides and 0.0060 mg / g free fatty acids as [6]
Stearic acid (C18: 0): 0.1791 ± 0.0054% dry mass as triglycerides and fatty acids 2.023 g ± 0.094mg / free [6] (stearic acid)
(Z) -11-octadecenoic acid (C18: 1N-7) (acid vaccenic): 0.0547 ± 0.0030% dried mass as triglycerides and 0.789 ± 0.053mg / g dry weight of free fatty acids as [6]
(Z, Z) acid 9,12-octadecadienoic (C18: 2N-6) (linoleic acid): 0.824 ± 0.055% dry mass as triglycerides and 5.70 ± 0.48mg / g dry weight of free fatty acids as [6]
(Z, Z, Z) -9,12,15 acid-octadecatrienoic (C18: 3 n 3) (linolenic acid): 0.194 ± 0.025% dry mass as triglycerides and fatty acids 1.351 g ± 0.050mg / free [6] Acid -Eicosanoic (C20: 0) (acid peanuts): FFA dry mass% 0.0097 ± 0.0002 0.1455 ± triglycerides and 0.0076 mg / mg dry mass [6] - (Z) -11 eicosenoic acid (C20: 1N-9) ( Acid gondoic): 0.0173 ± 0.0006% dry mass as triglycerides [6] acid -Docosanoic (C22: 0) (behenic) acid: 0 dry mass, 0.0002% ± 0066 as triglycerides and 0.0564 ± 0.0050mg / g fatty acids dry free mass in terms of [6] acid -Tetracosanoic (C24: 0) (lignoceric acid) dry weight 0.0107 ± 0.0003% and triglycerides 0.0960 ± 0.0033mg / g free fatty acids as [6]
Campesterol (a phytosterol) to 0.1175 ± 0.0025mg / g dry weight [6]
β- sitosterol (a phytosterol) to 0.454 ± 0.018mg / g dry weight [6]
Stigmasterol (a phytosterol) to 0.0477 ± 0.0020mg / g dry weight [6]
In general, most of the saw palmetto fatty acids present as triglycerides in the form of free fatty acids. [6]
Saw palmetto contains many fatty acids, mainly in triglycerides, and phytosterols form.
The mechanism of action that saw palmetto is known for its inhibition of the enzyme 5α reductase, which is responsible for converting testosterone to the more androgenic form, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Anti-5 α reductase is fat soluble extracts of fruits, [7] with more power in the thigh saponificable. [7]
Saw palmetto vital activity tends to focus on components that are fat-soluble of berries.
1.2. Formulations and variables
Supercritical CO2 extract of saw palmetto, also known under the brand name Sabalselect®, tend to have a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (84%) with less than esters of fatty acids amounts (10%) and less than 2% of other chemical components ( phytosterols, aliphatic alcohols, and vehicles polypyrenic). [8] Sabalselect® similar to the National Institute of Standards and Technology reference material SRM 3251, which is extracted using a similar procedure. [5]
This extraction process increases the amount of fatty acids as triglycerides on the ground fruit (6-25 times [5]), consisting mostly of unsaturated fatty acids lauric (aka. Dodecanoic) and oleic acid with some palmitic acid Almirastic major components of acid next. [8] [9] [5]
This conclusion, in particular, in contrast to the raw berries, certified and concentrations of phytosterols (campesterol, β- sitosterol and stigmasterol), carotenoids (46.8μg / g as β-carotene), vitamin E vitamers (gamma-tocopherol and delta in 280μg / g 35.3μg g /) . [5]
Excerpts supercritical CO2 is one of the basic forms of saw palmetto extracts.
Another is known as a fatty extract Permixon® hexane extract n / sterols extract of the fruit. [10]
Known as the extract IDS 89 (Strogen®) capable of 5α reductase inhibition in vitro with IC50 of 2,200μg / ml when assayed in the mixture entire prostate, while having some effectiveness in 500μg / ml in all epithelial cells and prostate tissue. [7] found this excerpt to be non-competitive inhibitor. [7]
6. fat mass and obesity 6.1. Mechanisms Mechanically, it was found that eating ulmoides Eucommia
6. fat mass and obesity
6.1. Mechanisms
Mechanically, it was found that eating ulmoides Eucommia associated with an increase in the protein content of some metabolic intermediate energy (Alaazaustrut dehydrogenase 3 citrate synthase, pyruvate kinase, GLUT4, and H + complex transfer of mitochondrial F1) [15] in rat liver and an increase in the activity of genes responsible for fat oxidation observed in the range of 1.21 to 1.88 times (300-1,600mg / kg eating a plant extract) [38] and is believed to represent an increase in fat oxidation seen in the liver. [38] [39] [15] It has been observed to increase in steps to reduce β-oxidation rate (CPT1A, ACOX1 and Acadvl), α-oxidant, and ω-oxidant (CYP4A1). [38]
It has been observed in the differential effects of UCP, UCP3 with the increase seen in normal mice and increased UCP2 seen in rats fed high-fat, [15] and PPAR mRNA was found to increase. Show [15] genetic changes mentioned in liver enzymes also be targets PPAR and PPAR, indicating that they may play a role in it. [38]
The hypothesis is that the changes mentioned above and partly due to geniposide acid geniposidic and its aglycone (genipin) and is composed of a majority of phytochemicals plant weight [38] It proved geniposide-lowering properties of lipids isolation. [40]
Eucommia ulmoides seems to be modified protein levels of participation in metabolism and energy expenditure, especially proteins bind decoder (average temperature and energy "waste" production), but the exact mechanism behind these observations to work after it is clear
anaethesized study in rats given notice within the duodenal injection of Eucommia ulmoides (1-5mg or 4-20mg / kg) increase in the activity of the sympathetic nerve in all of the white adipose tissue, brown, rat-conscious there is an increase in fatty acids in plasma (was 154, 5 to 156.6% in 1-5mg leaf extract) and body temperature. [41]
Increase has been observed in heat flow after a single dose in mice after oral doses and very reasonable
And to assess blood pressure mechanisms, it has been found in at least one study of beta blocking properties in human fat cells capable of reducing the effects of isoproterenol. [29] This suggests that ulmoides Eucommia can reduce the effects of fat burning refers through these receptors, namely ephedrine and synephrine.
Is the possibility of blocking beta, while useful for blood pressure, may antagonize the effects of other fat burner
6.2. Speeches
In mice given a high-fat diet with 3% or 9% of any plant powder or extract water from Eucommia ulmoides (corresponding to the human dose of 0.99 g and 2.35 g, respectively), and profit in weight and suppression of more than 90 days of ingestion . [15] In normal mice with a normal diet, is associated with adding 9% ulmoides Eucommia with gusto nonsignificant to lose body (12%) weight and a significant reduction in triglycerides and NEFA with the increase in adiponectin, [15] and was given a high proportion of fat and a diet Similar normal 9% at the end of the test weights. [15] and powder plant and extract water from comparable in power leaves [15] [42] and I have analyzed other studies failed observed at high doses (3-6g / kg) for the effect on the body mass of more than 35 days in mice (although reduction in the mass of the white adipose tissue) [43] and failure to low dose (15.5mg per day) to reduce body mass in albino rats. [39] Comparative Study leaf extract 10% 3% compared to the latter is only effective in reducing weight, [41] despite the fact that the degree of fat loss was less radical and partially confused with a decrease in eating. [41]
Osteoporosis in mice, it can be 5% of the diet, such as water extraction from ulmoides eucomia securities reduces the rate of increase in fat. [44]
Studies on mice to measure weight as a secondary data, 500-1000mg / kg of leaf extract more than 4 weeks should not cause a significant impact on the reduction of fat mice overfed fructose. [34]
Long-term ingestion of Eucommia ulmoides in mice seems to cause loss of less fat, a more powerful agent to fight obesity, and there is a shortage in human studies on this herb at this point in time
7. skeletal bone mass
7.1. Mechanisms
It is possible that the antioxidant properties of the extract from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides can maintain the integrity of bone cells during periods of oxidative stress, active in concnetration dependent manner up to the price of 6.25μg / ml (EC50 being about 25μg / ml). [45] The inhibitory effect was observed particularly on the formation of glycosides irioid attributed to osteoclast. [46]
Improving signals through estrogen alpha receptors [1] can also contribute to the improvement of bone growth characteristics, but it is unlikely to be the only mechanism in the game (as there is still protect bones shortages of estrogen, such as mice ovariectomy [44] [47]).
7.2. Osteoporosis
In mice ovarectomized, show 5% of the diet as ulmoides Eucommia to reduce bone loss rate in this form to search the menopause [44] and a dose of 300-500mg crust / kg (but not at 100 mg / kg) and appears to reduce the loss of bone mass for 16 weeks with not much different from the reference estradiol drug force. [47]
8. inflammation and immunology
8.1. Mechanisms
Both genipin geniposide I have observed that prevent the release of nitric oxide in macrophages stimulated with LPS concentration 12.5μM (7-10%), with an increase in power genipin with the near complete elimination of 100μM in [7] and both of the crust itself has shown similar characteristics (fighting properties -inflammatory against LPS stimulated macrophages) between 0.05-0.5mg / ml to about half of the control [48] and the crust has reported IC50 against COX2 induction 9.92μg / ml (as it was meloxicam drug more powerful signal in 0.18μM). [19]
9. interact with hormones
9.1. Testosterone
Androgen receptor is a receptor that androgens (testosterone and DHT over the mostly lower serum DHEA) do most of the biological effects. [49] The binding of the ligand (either hormone or plant) is not sufficient to bring about the effects of receptors, [50] It seems that ulmoides Eucommia has phytoandrogens able to do so. [1]
In COS-7 mammalian cells, and cells to extract ethanol from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides able to connect to a weak androgen receptor Otfiel with sufficient affinity for testosterone move effectively in 5-25ng / ml range. [1] Note that in addition to the extracted medium containing DHT that even in the saturation levels of DHT, increased Eucommia ulmoides refers in the range of 112-204% of the baseline. [1] While this met fractions containing triterpenoids of, the contents of Eucommia ulmoides caprylic acid, caprylic acid isolated from coconut oil even imitated the increase. [1]
While the oral intake of 1-50 mg of ethanol extract in mice failed to amend the prostate weights (which indicates the weakness of the reminders), who was able to increase testosterone (injection 5000mcg) caused by prostate growth by about 20%. [1]
Eucommia ulmoides seems masculinity, but weak on its own. It seems that other plant to increase indicates androgen through androgen receptor (and thus increase its effectiveness) is currently believed to be due to acid content caprylic
9.2. Estrogen
Like the effects on the androgen receptor, ulmoides Eucommia (50 ng / ml) strongly linked to weak and activates the estrogen receptor (ER) with the increase in estradiol signals. [1]
Like its effects on the androgen receptor, and it seems that this herb for increasing signals through estrogen receptors (alpha test confirmed the beta isoform)
9.3. Cortisol
The effects of increased Eucommia ulmoides do not appear in estrogen and androgen receptors to stretch to cortisol receptors or progesterone receptors. [1]
It does not seem to indicate a major adjustment through cortisol receptors
9.4. Growth hormone
In isolated cells from rat pituitary gland incubated with 20 ug / ml of the hexane, chloroform and fractures, or ethyl acetate, it seems that the stimulus release of growth hormone. [46]
Can stimulate the release of growth hormone requires a form of life studies to assess whether this is related or not
10. interact with the body's organs
10.1. Kidneys
It seems that the sugars from the plant, in 300-600mg / kg for 15 days to have protective effects on the kidneys, according to assess the concentration of glutathione after reperfusion renal ischemia and MDA; and due to the antioxidant properties (confirmed protective effects by histological examination, and even 600mg / kg was near and normalization is not a full-proof) [18] and extract public cortex (70% ethanol) itself has also protectors of the effects of cadmium in 125-500mg / kg. [7]
A combination of uloides Eucommia pseuodoginseng and Panax (50% and 25% by weight, respectively) in the 10 mg per day (35.7-41.6mg / kg) for six weeks after the college protective effect soft eradicate observed in glomerular filtration and examination histological rate. [51]
6.1. Mechanisms
Mechanically, it was found that eating ulmoides Eucommia associated with an increase in the protein content of some metabolic intermediate energy (Alaazaustrut dehydrogenase 3 citrate synthase, pyruvate kinase, GLUT4, and H + complex transfer of mitochondrial F1) [15] in rat liver and an increase in the activity of genes responsible for fat oxidation observed in the range of 1.21 to 1.88 times (300-1,600mg / kg eating a plant extract) [38] and is believed to represent an increase in fat oxidation seen in the liver. [38] [39] [15] It has been observed to increase in steps to reduce β-oxidation rate (CPT1A, ACOX1 and Acadvl), α-oxidant, and ω-oxidant (CYP4A1). [38]
It has been observed in the differential effects of UCP, UCP3 with the increase seen in normal mice and increased UCP2 seen in rats fed high-fat, [15] and PPAR mRNA was found to increase. Show [15] genetic changes mentioned in liver enzymes also be targets PPAR and PPAR, indicating that they may play a role in it. [38]
The hypothesis is that the changes mentioned above and partly due to geniposide acid geniposidic and its aglycone (genipin) and is composed of a majority of phytochemicals plant weight [38] It proved geniposide-lowering properties of lipids isolation. [40]
Eucommia ulmoides seems to be modified protein levels of participation in metabolism and energy expenditure, especially proteins bind decoder (average temperature and energy "waste" production), but the exact mechanism behind these observations to work after it is clear
anaethesized study in rats given notice within the duodenal injection of Eucommia ulmoides (1-5mg or 4-20mg / kg) increase in the activity of the sympathetic nerve in all of the white adipose tissue, brown, rat-conscious there is an increase in fatty acids in plasma (was 154, 5 to 156.6% in 1-5mg leaf extract) and body temperature. [41]
Increase has been observed in heat flow after a single dose in mice after oral doses and very reasonable
And to assess blood pressure mechanisms, it has been found in at least one study of beta blocking properties in human fat cells capable of reducing the effects of isoproterenol. [29] This suggests that ulmoides Eucommia can reduce the effects of fat burning refers through these receptors, namely ephedrine and synephrine.
Is the possibility of blocking beta, while useful for blood pressure, may antagonize the effects of other fat burner
6.2. Speeches
In mice given a high-fat diet with 3% or 9% of any plant powder or extract water from Eucommia ulmoides (corresponding to the human dose of 0.99 g and 2.35 g, respectively), and profit in weight and suppression of more than 90 days of ingestion . [15] In normal mice with a normal diet, is associated with adding 9% ulmoides Eucommia with gusto nonsignificant to lose body (12%) weight and a significant reduction in triglycerides and NEFA with the increase in adiponectin, [15] and was given a high proportion of fat and a diet Similar normal 9% at the end of the test weights. [15] and powder plant and extract water from comparable in power leaves [15] [42] and I have analyzed other studies failed observed at high doses (3-6g / kg) for the effect on the body mass of more than 35 days in mice (although reduction in the mass of the white adipose tissue) [43] and failure to low dose (15.5mg per day) to reduce body mass in albino rats. [39] Comparative Study leaf extract 10% 3% compared to the latter is only effective in reducing weight, [41] despite the fact that the degree of fat loss was less radical and partially confused with a decrease in eating. [41]
Osteoporosis in mice, it can be 5% of the diet, such as water extraction from ulmoides eucomia securities reduces the rate of increase in fat. [44]
Studies on mice to measure weight as a secondary data, 500-1000mg / kg of leaf extract more than 4 weeks should not cause a significant impact on the reduction of fat mice overfed fructose. [34]
Long-term ingestion of Eucommia ulmoides in mice seems to cause loss of less fat, a more powerful agent to fight obesity, and there is a shortage in human studies on this herb at this point in time
7. skeletal bone mass
7.1. Mechanisms
It is possible that the antioxidant properties of the extract from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides can maintain the integrity of bone cells during periods of oxidative stress, active in concnetration dependent manner up to the price of 6.25μg / ml (EC50 being about 25μg / ml). [45] The inhibitory effect was observed particularly on the formation of glycosides irioid attributed to osteoclast. [46]
Improving signals through estrogen alpha receptors [1] can also contribute to the improvement of bone growth characteristics, but it is unlikely to be the only mechanism in the game (as there is still protect bones shortages of estrogen, such as mice ovariectomy [44] [47]).
7.2. Osteoporosis
In mice ovarectomized, show 5% of the diet as ulmoides Eucommia to reduce bone loss rate in this form to search the menopause [44] and a dose of 300-500mg crust / kg (but not at 100 mg / kg) and appears to reduce the loss of bone mass for 16 weeks with not much different from the reference estradiol drug force. [47]
8. inflammation and immunology
8.1. Mechanisms
Both genipin geniposide I have observed that prevent the release of nitric oxide in macrophages stimulated with LPS concentration 12.5μM (7-10%), with an increase in power genipin with the near complete elimination of 100μM in [7] and both of the crust itself has shown similar characteristics (fighting properties -inflammatory against LPS stimulated macrophages) between 0.05-0.5mg / ml to about half of the control [48] and the crust has reported IC50 against COX2 induction 9.92μg / ml (as it was meloxicam drug more powerful signal in 0.18μM). [19]
9. interact with hormones
9.1. Testosterone
Androgen receptor is a receptor that androgens (testosterone and DHT over the mostly lower serum DHEA) do most of the biological effects. [49] The binding of the ligand (either hormone or plant) is not sufficient to bring about the effects of receptors, [50] It seems that ulmoides Eucommia has phytoandrogens able to do so. [1]
In COS-7 mammalian cells, and cells to extract ethanol from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides able to connect to a weak androgen receptor Otfiel with sufficient affinity for testosterone move effectively in 5-25ng / ml range. [1] Note that in addition to the extracted medium containing DHT that even in the saturation levels of DHT, increased Eucommia ulmoides refers in the range of 112-204% of the baseline. [1] While this met fractions containing triterpenoids of, the contents of Eucommia ulmoides caprylic acid, caprylic acid isolated from coconut oil even imitated the increase. [1]
While the oral intake of 1-50 mg of ethanol extract in mice failed to amend the prostate weights (which indicates the weakness of the reminders), who was able to increase testosterone (injection 5000mcg) caused by prostate growth by about 20%. [1]
Eucommia ulmoides seems masculinity, but weak on its own. It seems that other plant to increase indicates androgen through androgen receptor (and thus increase its effectiveness) is currently believed to be due to acid content caprylic
9.2. Estrogen
Like the effects on the androgen receptor, ulmoides Eucommia (50 ng / ml) strongly linked to weak and activates the estrogen receptor (ER) with the increase in estradiol signals. [1]
Like its effects on the androgen receptor, and it seems that this herb for increasing signals through estrogen receptors (alpha test confirmed the beta isoform)
9.3. Cortisol
The effects of increased Eucommia ulmoides do not appear in estrogen and androgen receptors to stretch to cortisol receptors or progesterone receptors. [1]
It does not seem to indicate a major adjustment through cortisol receptors
9.4. Growth hormone
In isolated cells from rat pituitary gland incubated with 20 ug / ml of the hexane, chloroform and fractures, or ethyl acetate, it seems that the stimulus release of growth hormone. [46]
Can stimulate the release of growth hormone requires a form of life studies to assess whether this is related or not
10. interact with the body's organs
10.1. Kidneys
It seems that the sugars from the plant, in 300-600mg / kg for 15 days to have protective effects on the kidneys, according to assess the concentration of glutathione after reperfusion renal ischemia and MDA; and due to the antioxidant properties (confirmed protective effects by histological examination, and even 600mg / kg was near and normalization is not a full-proof) [18] and extract public cortex (70% ethanol) itself has also protectors of the effects of cadmium in 125-500mg / kg. [7]
A combination of uloides Eucommia pseuodoginseng and Panax (50% and 25% by weight, respectively) in the 10 mg per day (35.7-41.6mg / kg) for six weeks after the college protective effect soft eradicate observed in glomerular filtration and examination histological rate. [51]
Eucommia ulmoides ulmoides Eucommia is a traditional Chinese medicine
Eucommia ulmoides
ulmoides Eucommia is a traditional Chinese medicine which is used to bark for medicinal purposes. Although most of the evidence is preliminary, it has anti-inflammatory properties may increase under the signs of steroid.
ulmoides Eucommia is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been recommended to improve the vitality and longevity. It is a set of flavonoids (which is very common in the plant world) and peel and irioid ordered both compounds (both of which are not unique to this plant, but tend to be less common).
There is a lot of evidence in the humans on this word at this time except for a study looking at lowering blood pressure, but at present the evidence from animal and propose mechanisms that can have ulmoides Eucommia role in the prevention of osteoporosis, which induces fat loss, and reduce the pressure Blood and triglycerides are high. According to at least one study that the plant could signal more than the steroid without a strong nature agonist (applies to both androgen and estrogen), but this can apply to caprylic acid in general (later indicate that coconut oil is the best in this paper, because it It provides more caprylic acid).
It is unclear exactly how this has been confirmed vegetable fats or molecules that mediate this effect burns, but at the moment is the involvement of PPAR sharp dose of the supplement to increase heat production system in mice. Fat Loss (or more acurately, and the fight against obesity) the effects of the plant in animal models is very strong between dietary supplements.
This plant has potential as a dietary supplement, and unlike many other plants, active in relatively low oral doses of 3000 mg or less (plant dry weight).
What You Should Know
Also known as
Du Chong, percha, gum trees, Tochu
Not to be confused with
Winged Euonymus or a walking stick Jack (such as voice)
Taking (the recommended dose, active and quantities, and other details)
There is enough evidence to suggest the optimal dose, but a limited human evidence and evidence in animals indicate that a daily dose of about 3 grams of leaf extract effective in lowering blood pressure and fat mass. It may be wise to use this in three daily doses of 1 gram, as the human study used single doses three times a day.
More commonly known as rubber-percha tree or bark or traditional Chinese medicine known as Du Chong, ulmoides Eucommia (Eucommiaceae of the family) is a medicinal plant, which has been used both leaves and bark effects of acceleration relieve back pain, to increase endurance and recover from fatigue , and make the bones and muscles stronger [1] At the same time enhance the longevity and fertility. [2] When used in medicine, Kampo, it goes by the name Tochu [3] and the leaves are used in some cases to make Tochu tea.
This plant also has some use as a tree that can produce rubber [4] Because l polyisoprene transit can produce compounds, [5] [6] that has a tree is also common "rubber tree bark name.
It is recommended ulmoides Eucommia to support the vitality and strength of medicinal plants, and it also has commercial benefits such as a tree can be used for the manufacture of rubber
1.2. Installation
It was found on the bark (extract ethanol unless otherwise noted) to the following:
Geniposidic acid (0.925% bark) and her geniposide aglycone (0.488%) and genipin (0.214%) [7]
Vehicles cross-polyisoprene, and is primarily used in the rubber industry [6]
Husks (+) - pinoresinol-4,4'- SD-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (pinoresinol diglucoside [8]), (+) - pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1 → 6) - β-D-glucopyranoside, (+) - medioresinol-4,4'- SD-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (+) - syringaresinol-4,4'- SD-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (-) -olivil-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (-) - olivil glucopyranoside-4-O-β-D-, and (+) - pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside [9] was quantified pinoresinol- SD-β-D-glucopyranoside (0.991%) [7] - diglycoside all syringaresinol (0.214%) and (+)
Licoagroside F (28.78 +/- 0.81μg / g) [10]
Flavonoids baicalein (0.28 +/- 0.010μg / g), wogonin (0.20 +/- 0.0027μg / g), and oroxylin A (0.09 +/- 0.0040μg / g) [10]
Caprylic acid (androgen refers to participate in [1] also found in coconut oil)
triterpenoids of the [1]
Chlorogenic acid (0.302%) [7]
While the Eucommia ulmoides leaves the following:
Glycosides irioid Geniposidic acid (10.1-17.4mg / g), [11] [12] aucubin (6.5-19.7mg / g; geniposidic acid without carboxylic acid group), [12] [13] and asperuloside (13.7 -27.8 mg / g ) [14] [15]
Quercetin (0.27-0.62mg / g) as isoquercetin, and routine (7.6-14.3mg / g), and 3-O-sambubioside [11] [12], as well as 3-O- alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl- (1 -> 2 ) -beta-D-glucopyranoside [16]
Kaempferol and astragalin (kaempferol 3-O- beta-D-glucopyranoside) [16]
Licoagroside F 8.97 +/- 0.41μg / g [10]
Baicalein (0.23 +/- 0.002μg / g), wogonin (0.19 +/- 0.0030μg / g), and Oroxylin A (0.04 +/- 0.0004μg / g) [10]
Peel Syringaresinol SD-O-GLC (+/- 275.53 0.99μg / g) and pinoresinol SD-O-GLC (384.15 +/- 19.67μg / g) [10]
Chlorogenic acid (26.3-46.9mg / g) [11] [12] [17]
Alwerleik acid and caffeic [11]
The bark, leaves tend to peel all glycosides irioid active ingredients, which probably what put this plant from others be. Other phenolic compounds in plants is too general for most of the plants and not in concrete amounts in this factory
Water extract of the leaves is a powerful antioxidant with relatively IC50 of 18.9 +/- 0.2μg / ml in the examination of DPPH (although weaker than the reference drug vitamin C in 5.9 +/- 0.1 ug / ml vitamin E in 9.7 +/- 0.2μg / ml) [11] It seems that the only biologically active, acid geniposidic, important to have anti-oxidant properties [11] and the total content of flavonoids are 9.5-21.3mg / g leaves. [12]
There polysaccharide content of this plant (leaves or bark unspecified) until about 23.6 24.1% of the total [18] and the content of glycosides irioid seems to be less in the factory when compared directly Centila Plantain (a psyllium-related) station. [19] while glycosides were found irioid also in the seeds usually do not use [20] these parts plant dietary supplements or functional foods.
2. Pharmacy
2.1. Serum and distribution
Was detected glucoside geniposide Irioid and aglycone (genipin) in plasma and organs (kidneys) after oral ingestion of the cortex [7] and aucubina to 50 mg / kg of oral intake (mice) as the peak isolated was observed in the blood in 1.08hy Cmax TMAX of 4016 +/- 2394ng / ml and a relatively long half-life of 7.38 +/- 2.9 hours. [21]
Lignan (+) - It has been observed pinoresinol- SD-β-D-glucopyranoside to be absorbed in mice with +/- 1.56 TMAX 0.87 an hour and a half life of 3.66 hours be detected in /-8.09ng/mL 18.57+ Cmax of oral intake of 10 mg / kg. [22]
It seems that both glycosides irioid husks have the ability to absorption, although the pharmaceutical data is somewhat limited, because it is not sure of the active ingredient (s) is / are
2.2. Metabolism
Each of glycosides irioid of genipin (geniposide acid geniposidic) can be analyzed in a genipin free in intestinal bacteria. [23]
2.3. Mechanisms
Lignan and Eucommia ulmoides phosphodiestease may be (PDE) inhibitor properties with IC50 values between 63.5-123.8μM and two (out of seven test) peel the presence of IC50 greater than 200μM. [9] that noted above related to PDE enzymes camp [24], but a comprehensive assessment of the sub-groups of the enzyme PDE is inhibited not been selective from the husks so far.
You can prevent the enzyme PDE, but due to the lack of research in the selectivity and moderate power (combined with unknown amounts of lignans in the plant) is not sure of the relevance of this information is almost
Asperuloside found biologically active to prevent PI3K with IC50 of 2 microns, being less powerful than uttronin A (1.1μM) and hypericin (180 Nm) [25] while being more effective than emodin (3.3μM) and quercetin. [26]
Can inhibit PI3K
3. Neuroscience
3.1. Mechanisms
Ulmoides Eucommia seems bark extract derived that its inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in vitro properties (IC50 of 172μg / ml) [27] and is able to exercise the effects of nerves against the protein beta-amyloid (according to the evaluation of the formation of memory and the normalization of increase acetylcholine) [27] and hydrogen peroxide with 5- 20μg / ml to prevent 30-70% of cellular toxicity, with 2.5μg / ml show some effectiveness in reducing oxidative stress biomarkers. [2] in isolation, and the protective effects of both acid and chlorogenic acid demonstration geniposidic. [28]
(Cognitive weakness pay Alzheimer-like) in rats receiving intracerebral injection of beta-amyloid protein, 5-20mg / kg bark extract stem pointed out that the scope of the greatest intake (10-20 mg / kg) protected memory impairment. [27]
It seems to have a neuroprotective properties, which at least once confirmed occur in vivo model in a dose by mouth are very reasonable
4. Cardiovascular Health
4.1. blood pressure
Mechanical, ulmoides Eucommia seems to possess the ability to prevent beta according to the evaluation of an article from the decomposition of fat with isoproterenol. [29]
Eucommia ulmoides bark vasodilation can also cause a concentration-dependent manner in a way that is completely dependent on nitric oxide [30] [31] It is believed to be related to potassium channel. [31]
It can have the ability to prevent the beta (which is believed to be related husks) and can be vasorelaxant
Eucommia ulmoides seems to have an antihypertensive effects of pressure because of its effects on the activation of the parasympathetic [32] the nervous system and can operate in a dose-dependent manner in mice high blood pressure spontaneously. [33] in the Super fructose mice develop insulin resistance and high blood pressure 0.500 to 1000 mg / kg of Eucommia ulmoides can reduce blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner, but can not completely normalize. [34] [35] [36]
Prehypertensives in humans, while ulmoides Eucommia supplements 500MG (8%) pinoresinol daily for eight weeks caused a marginal cuts only in blood pressure, which faded with the passage of time to a higher dose (1000 mg three times a day) to have two weeks led to a reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure of 7.5 / 3.9mmHg. [29]
Eucommia ulmoides seems antihypertensive reliable in mice, it has been shown daily dose of 3 grams of the leaves once at least to be effective in humans
5. interactions glucose metabolism
5.1. Mechanisms
ulmoides Eucommia eat per day to 90 days in mice shown to reduce the expression of GLUT4 in mice given a high-fat diet, however, and increased expression in the mice on the normal (not conducive to obesity), diet and increased expression in skeletal muscle. [15]
GLUT4 transport shows modified and reliable way
5.2. Insulin sensitivity
In mice drinking fructose (Model Search fatty liver) due 500-1000mg / kg Eucommia ulmoides extract paper for four weeks, and the supplements capable of full changes in insulin normalization and insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR was not affected) without sugar affects the blood by treatment fructose in the beginning. [34]
In mice with diabetes Eucommia ulmoides induced streptozotocin given orally for four weeks (1,400mg / kg) was able to reduce oxidation and the normalization of blood glucose parameters such as SOD and MDA. [37
ulmoides Eucommia is a traditional Chinese medicine which is used to bark for medicinal purposes. Although most of the evidence is preliminary, it has anti-inflammatory properties may increase under the signs of steroid.
ulmoides Eucommia is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been recommended to improve the vitality and longevity. It is a set of flavonoids (which is very common in the plant world) and peel and irioid ordered both compounds (both of which are not unique to this plant, but tend to be less common).
There is a lot of evidence in the humans on this word at this time except for a study looking at lowering blood pressure, but at present the evidence from animal and propose mechanisms that can have ulmoides Eucommia role in the prevention of osteoporosis, which induces fat loss, and reduce the pressure Blood and triglycerides are high. According to at least one study that the plant could signal more than the steroid without a strong nature agonist (applies to both androgen and estrogen), but this can apply to caprylic acid in general (later indicate that coconut oil is the best in this paper, because it It provides more caprylic acid).
It is unclear exactly how this has been confirmed vegetable fats or molecules that mediate this effect burns, but at the moment is the involvement of PPAR sharp dose of the supplement to increase heat production system in mice. Fat Loss (or more acurately, and the fight against obesity) the effects of the plant in animal models is very strong between dietary supplements.
This plant has potential as a dietary supplement, and unlike many other plants, active in relatively low oral doses of 3000 mg or less (plant dry weight).
What You Should Know
Also known as
Du Chong, percha, gum trees, Tochu
Not to be confused with
Winged Euonymus or a walking stick Jack (such as voice)
Taking (the recommended dose, active and quantities, and other details)
There is enough evidence to suggest the optimal dose, but a limited human evidence and evidence in animals indicate that a daily dose of about 3 grams of leaf extract effective in lowering blood pressure and fat mass. It may be wise to use this in three daily doses of 1 gram, as the human study used single doses three times a day.
More commonly known as rubber-percha tree or bark or traditional Chinese medicine known as Du Chong, ulmoides Eucommia (Eucommiaceae of the family) is a medicinal plant, which has been used both leaves and bark effects of acceleration relieve back pain, to increase endurance and recover from fatigue , and make the bones and muscles stronger [1] At the same time enhance the longevity and fertility. [2] When used in medicine, Kampo, it goes by the name Tochu [3] and the leaves are used in some cases to make Tochu tea.
This plant also has some use as a tree that can produce rubber [4] Because l polyisoprene transit can produce compounds, [5] [6] that has a tree is also common "rubber tree bark name.
It is recommended ulmoides Eucommia to support the vitality and strength of medicinal plants, and it also has commercial benefits such as a tree can be used for the manufacture of rubber
1.2. Installation
It was found on the bark (extract ethanol unless otherwise noted) to the following:
Geniposidic acid (0.925% bark) and her geniposide aglycone (0.488%) and genipin (0.214%) [7]
Vehicles cross-polyisoprene, and is primarily used in the rubber industry [6]
Husks (+) - pinoresinol-4,4'- SD-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (pinoresinol diglucoside [8]), (+) - pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1 → 6) - β-D-glucopyranoside, (+) - medioresinol-4,4'- SD-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (+) - syringaresinol-4,4'- SD-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (-) -olivil-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (-) - olivil glucopyranoside-4-O-β-D-, and (+) - pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside [9] was quantified pinoresinol- SD-β-D-glucopyranoside (0.991%) [7] - diglycoside all syringaresinol (0.214%) and (+)
Licoagroside F (28.78 +/- 0.81μg / g) [10]
Flavonoids baicalein (0.28 +/- 0.010μg / g), wogonin (0.20 +/- 0.0027μg / g), and oroxylin A (0.09 +/- 0.0040μg / g) [10]
Caprylic acid (androgen refers to participate in [1] also found in coconut oil)
triterpenoids of the [1]
Chlorogenic acid (0.302%) [7]
While the Eucommia ulmoides leaves the following:
Glycosides irioid Geniposidic acid (10.1-17.4mg / g), [11] [12] aucubin (6.5-19.7mg / g; geniposidic acid without carboxylic acid group), [12] [13] and asperuloside (13.7 -27.8 mg / g ) [14] [15]
Quercetin (0.27-0.62mg / g) as isoquercetin, and routine (7.6-14.3mg / g), and 3-O-sambubioside [11] [12], as well as 3-O- alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl- (1 -> 2 ) -beta-D-glucopyranoside [16]
Kaempferol and astragalin (kaempferol 3-O- beta-D-glucopyranoside) [16]
Licoagroside F 8.97 +/- 0.41μg / g [10]
Baicalein (0.23 +/- 0.002μg / g), wogonin (0.19 +/- 0.0030μg / g), and Oroxylin A (0.04 +/- 0.0004μg / g) [10]
Peel Syringaresinol SD-O-GLC (+/- 275.53 0.99μg / g) and pinoresinol SD-O-GLC (384.15 +/- 19.67μg / g) [10]
Chlorogenic acid (26.3-46.9mg / g) [11] [12] [17]
Alwerleik acid and caffeic [11]
The bark, leaves tend to peel all glycosides irioid active ingredients, which probably what put this plant from others be. Other phenolic compounds in plants is too general for most of the plants and not in concrete amounts in this factory
Water extract of the leaves is a powerful antioxidant with relatively IC50 of 18.9 +/- 0.2μg / ml in the examination of DPPH (although weaker than the reference drug vitamin C in 5.9 +/- 0.1 ug / ml vitamin E in 9.7 +/- 0.2μg / ml) [11] It seems that the only biologically active, acid geniposidic, important to have anti-oxidant properties [11] and the total content of flavonoids are 9.5-21.3mg / g leaves. [12]
There polysaccharide content of this plant (leaves or bark unspecified) until about 23.6 24.1% of the total [18] and the content of glycosides irioid seems to be less in the factory when compared directly Centila Plantain (a psyllium-related) station. [19] while glycosides were found irioid also in the seeds usually do not use [20] these parts plant dietary supplements or functional foods.
2. Pharmacy
2.1. Serum and distribution
Was detected glucoside geniposide Irioid and aglycone (genipin) in plasma and organs (kidneys) after oral ingestion of the cortex [7] and aucubina to 50 mg / kg of oral intake (mice) as the peak isolated was observed in the blood in 1.08hy Cmax TMAX of 4016 +/- 2394ng / ml and a relatively long half-life of 7.38 +/- 2.9 hours. [21]
Lignan (+) - It has been observed pinoresinol- SD-β-D-glucopyranoside to be absorbed in mice with +/- 1.56 TMAX 0.87 an hour and a half life of 3.66 hours be detected in /-8.09ng/mL 18.57+ Cmax of oral intake of 10 mg / kg. [22]
It seems that both glycosides irioid husks have the ability to absorption, although the pharmaceutical data is somewhat limited, because it is not sure of the active ingredient (s) is / are
2.2. Metabolism
Each of glycosides irioid of genipin (geniposide acid geniposidic) can be analyzed in a genipin free in intestinal bacteria. [23]
2.3. Mechanisms
Lignan and Eucommia ulmoides phosphodiestease may be (PDE) inhibitor properties with IC50 values between 63.5-123.8μM and two (out of seven test) peel the presence of IC50 greater than 200μM. [9] that noted above related to PDE enzymes camp [24], but a comprehensive assessment of the sub-groups of the enzyme PDE is inhibited not been selective from the husks so far.
You can prevent the enzyme PDE, but due to the lack of research in the selectivity and moderate power (combined with unknown amounts of lignans in the plant) is not sure of the relevance of this information is almost
Asperuloside found biologically active to prevent PI3K with IC50 of 2 microns, being less powerful than uttronin A (1.1μM) and hypericin (180 Nm) [25] while being more effective than emodin (3.3μM) and quercetin. [26]
Can inhibit PI3K
3. Neuroscience
3.1. Mechanisms
Ulmoides Eucommia seems bark extract derived that its inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in vitro properties (IC50 of 172μg / ml) [27] and is able to exercise the effects of nerves against the protein beta-amyloid (according to the evaluation of the formation of memory and the normalization of increase acetylcholine) [27] and hydrogen peroxide with 5- 20μg / ml to prevent 30-70% of cellular toxicity, with 2.5μg / ml show some effectiveness in reducing oxidative stress biomarkers. [2] in isolation, and the protective effects of both acid and chlorogenic acid demonstration geniposidic. [28]
(Cognitive weakness pay Alzheimer-like) in rats receiving intracerebral injection of beta-amyloid protein, 5-20mg / kg bark extract stem pointed out that the scope of the greatest intake (10-20 mg / kg) protected memory impairment. [27]
It seems to have a neuroprotective properties, which at least once confirmed occur in vivo model in a dose by mouth are very reasonable
4. Cardiovascular Health
4.1. blood pressure
Mechanical, ulmoides Eucommia seems to possess the ability to prevent beta according to the evaluation of an article from the decomposition of fat with isoproterenol. [29]
Eucommia ulmoides bark vasodilation can also cause a concentration-dependent manner in a way that is completely dependent on nitric oxide [30] [31] It is believed to be related to potassium channel. [31]
It can have the ability to prevent the beta (which is believed to be related husks) and can be vasorelaxant
Eucommia ulmoides seems to have an antihypertensive effects of pressure because of its effects on the activation of the parasympathetic [32] the nervous system and can operate in a dose-dependent manner in mice high blood pressure spontaneously. [33] in the Super fructose mice develop insulin resistance and high blood pressure 0.500 to 1000 mg / kg of Eucommia ulmoides can reduce blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner, but can not completely normalize. [34] [35] [36]
Prehypertensives in humans, while ulmoides Eucommia supplements 500MG (8%) pinoresinol daily for eight weeks caused a marginal cuts only in blood pressure, which faded with the passage of time to a higher dose (1000 mg three times a day) to have two weeks led to a reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure of 7.5 / 3.9mmHg. [29]
Eucommia ulmoides seems antihypertensive reliable in mice, it has been shown daily dose of 3 grams of the leaves once at least to be effective in humans
5. interactions glucose metabolism
5.1. Mechanisms
ulmoides Eucommia eat per day to 90 days in mice shown to reduce the expression of GLUT4 in mice given a high-fat diet, however, and increased expression in the mice on the normal (not conducive to obesity), diet and increased expression in skeletal muscle. [15]
GLUT4 transport shows modified and reliable way
5.2. Insulin sensitivity
In mice drinking fructose (Model Search fatty liver) due 500-1000mg / kg Eucommia ulmoides extract paper for four weeks, and the supplements capable of full changes in insulin normalization and insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR was not affected) without sugar affects the blood by treatment fructose in the beginning. [34]
In mice with diabetes Eucommia ulmoides induced streptozotocin given orally for four weeks (1,400mg / kg) was able to reduce oxidation and the normalization of blood glucose parameters such as SOD and MDA. [37
Syzygium Otari Clove (Syzygium aromatic). Syzygium Otari (the family)
Syzygium Otari
Clove (Syzygium aromatic).
Syzygium Otari (the family) is a spice known as nails, and it seems that some of the traditional aphrodisiac and medicinal effects of the use of dental disease, and respiratory disorders, headache and sore throat. [1] [2]
2. nerves
2.1. Bah
A 50% water alcoholic extract of Syzygium Otari 500 mg / kg is quite an assembly able to increase male rats with much of the decline is not nutmeg (nutmeg) much of the 5 mg / kg Viagra and less power. [3] Later, oral intake of 100 -500mg / kg of 50% water-alcoholic extract of Syzygium essential for seven days showed dose dependent enhance sexual desire, even with less than 5 mg / kg Viagra power. [4]
It seems libido has improved properties, but much less than Viagra and not much less than the other test libido enhancer (nutmeg)
3. interact with the body's organs
3.1. Testicles (and male fertility)
Oral ingestion of 15 mg / kg Syzygium essential in male rats for 35 days was associated with testicular Δ5 rose 3β-HSD and the activity of the enzyme 17β-HSD (believed to be behind the observed increases in testosterone). [2]
30-60 mg / kg diet Syzygium Otari male mice seem to induce testicular toxicity as assessed by testosterone in the blood and histological examination of the pipe semineferous. [2]
Essential oil of cloves and spermicidal activity when incubated in the laboratory with sperm [5] which can rlated eugenol content since the molecule was known to possess anti-fertility procedures. [6]
4. interact with hormones
4.1. Testosterone
Note oral ingestion of the flower buds of Syzygium Otari in 15 or 30 or 60 mg / kg for 35 days in male healthy mice that a lower dose of 15 mg / kg increase testosterone serum 26%, while the two higher doses with reductions in Testosterone (38-39%) of secondary testicular damage. [2]
Clove (Syzygium aromatic).
Syzygium Otari (the family) is a spice known as nails, and it seems that some of the traditional aphrodisiac and medicinal effects of the use of dental disease, and respiratory disorders, headache and sore throat. [1] [2]
2. nerves
2.1. Bah
A 50% water alcoholic extract of Syzygium Otari 500 mg / kg is quite an assembly able to increase male rats with much of the decline is not nutmeg (nutmeg) much of the 5 mg / kg Viagra and less power. [3] Later, oral intake of 100 -500mg / kg of 50% water-alcoholic extract of Syzygium essential for seven days showed dose dependent enhance sexual desire, even with less than 5 mg / kg Viagra power. [4]
It seems libido has improved properties, but much less than Viagra and not much less than the other test libido enhancer (nutmeg)
3. interact with the body's organs
3.1. Testicles (and male fertility)
Oral ingestion of 15 mg / kg Syzygium essential in male rats for 35 days was associated with testicular Δ5 rose 3β-HSD and the activity of the enzyme 17β-HSD (believed to be behind the observed increases in testosterone). [2]
30-60 mg / kg diet Syzygium Otari male mice seem to induce testicular toxicity as assessed by testosterone in the blood and histological examination of the pipe semineferous. [2]
Essential oil of cloves and spermicidal activity when incubated in the laboratory with sperm [5] which can rlated eugenol content since the molecule was known to possess anti-fertility procedures. [6]
4. interact with hormones
4.1. Testosterone
Note oral ingestion of the flower buds of Syzygium Otari in 15 or 30 or 60 mg / kg for 35 days in male healthy mice that a lower dose of 15 mg / kg increase testosterone serum 26%, while the two higher doses with reductions in Testosterone (38-39%) of secondary testicular damage. [2]
Fadogia agrestis Nigerian Fadogia agrestis is a shrub traditionally used as a proxy proerectile
Fadogia agrestis
Nigerian Fadogia agrestis is a shrub traditionally used as a proxy proerectile. There are no studies in humans, but now it seems that all the aphrodisiac properties and erectile dysfunction in mice have. Potential toxicity need for further investigation.
Fadogia agrestis is an herb traditionally used as an aphrodisiac that, due to take into account increases in testosterone study in rodents, and is currently being investigated for their potential as testosterone booster. There is not much evidence of this herb at this time, and in spite of traditional use in the markets (the Middle East and Africa) currently there are no human studies.
In rodent studies conducted, this herb seems more ability to increase testosterone and act as a libido enhancer. It has been observed that while the pace of escalation / intervention and decreased latency increases (Joint aphrodisiac) ejaculation latency, or the time required to infiltrate seems to come down to the following goes: This is not a common dope.
Fadogia agrestis supplements currently is not wise because of the lack of replication studies in rodents and any human evidence, and because of a possible increase in fat associated with peroxide membranes damaged cells to be further investigated to see if this is a concern and (if so) how much of the concern it is.
What You Should Know
Also known as
Paquin Gagai, aphrodisiac Black
Fadogia agrestis (and Rubiaceae) is a plant short shrub that seems to be the traditional use for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. [1] It is sometimes called the Nigerian plant [1] and can be found in the region that stretches from Ghana to Sudan [2] which seems to be popular herbs export base. [3]
Other reports indicate that this plant may be used to treat fever and malaria, [2] I have observed station has become an anti properties Plasmodium. [4] This plant is known as Pachin Gagai (Hausa) or black aphrodisiac (English). [5]
Fadogia agrestis traditionally used as an aphrodisiac agent loyal to the erection of the central and eastern African regions, and it seems that the extension on the basis of a very popular herbs
1.2. Installation
Fadogia agrestis seems to be a source for:
2,6-dimethyl -2 (E) and 6 (Z) -octadiene-1,8- diol and various rhamnose contain glycosides him, three of which are also acetylated to 8-hydroxy-dimethyl -2.6 -2 (E) and 6 (Z) -octadienoyl molecule [2]
Categories of nutrients in the plant alkaloids (0.32 +/- 0.06% of dry weight) saponins (2.08 +/- 0.07%) were detected to have low levels of both anthraquinones and flavonoids (both 0.09%); not for the triterpenoids, has been doping structures, and tannins. [1]
Currently, there are components of this herb well, and now it seems that the suspect alkylamide biologically active glycosides (this type of molecules is not very common in testosterone boosters, but consider Anacyclus previously pyrethrum
2. nerves
2.1. Bah
Gives Fadogia white hamsters given agrestis 18, 50 or 100 mg / kg of water extraction increases dose-dependent in the intervention assembly and frequency effective on the first day and a little more in day 5, reaching 370% of baseline values with a higher dose . [1] for a similar low latency mounting while the long latency period ejactulation to about 2.5 times of control. [1]
Respectable dose of this plant appears to have sexual desire and enhance the characteristics according to the study. Saleh size seems to be one of the most effective herbs to increase libido (slightly more effective than Nkotaiat flowers acmella)
3. interact with hormones
3.1. Testosterone
In white albino mice given Fadogia agrestis supplementary (18-100mg / kg water extraction) has been observed testosterone in the blood to increase in a dose-dependent manner to approximately 2 times (18 mg / kg) 3 times (50 mg / kg) and 6 times (100 mg / kg) after five days. [1]
The study examined a lonely very noticeable increase in testosterone over five days. They require potential longer studies in rodents (and payroll toxicity after a month or so, and can interact with testosterone properties reinforcing)
4. interactions organs of the body
4.1. Male genitalia
Mice study evaluated the effects of sexy aphrodisiac herb explained that the benefits that depend on the dose of an aqueous extract (18-100mg / kg) appeared for a long time to ejaculation. [1]
There is some limited evidence to support proerectile properties of this herb tests but an increase was also noted ejaculation latency and quite unique among the stimulants (usually shorten this time)
In the testes of rats receiving the same range of dose, for 28 days supplementation has been shown to increase testicular weight (by 11-15%, not the dose) associated with increaes sialic acid and cholesterol and glycogen content in the testicles. [6] alkaline phosphatase decreased testicular rose each of acid phosphatase and γ-GT, and believed that this particular set of changes that may be indicative of the cells. [6] subsequent study noticed a repeat dosing protocol and time [5] increase in blood lipid peroxidation (MDA through) but no clinical signs of toxicity or adverse changes in the weights of kidney and liver tissues.
Nigerian Fadogia agrestis is a shrub traditionally used as a proxy proerectile. There are no studies in humans, but now it seems that all the aphrodisiac properties and erectile dysfunction in mice have. Potential toxicity need for further investigation.
Fadogia agrestis is an herb traditionally used as an aphrodisiac that, due to take into account increases in testosterone study in rodents, and is currently being investigated for their potential as testosterone booster. There is not much evidence of this herb at this time, and in spite of traditional use in the markets (the Middle East and Africa) currently there are no human studies.
In rodent studies conducted, this herb seems more ability to increase testosterone and act as a libido enhancer. It has been observed that while the pace of escalation / intervention and decreased latency increases (Joint aphrodisiac) ejaculation latency, or the time required to infiltrate seems to come down to the following goes: This is not a common dope.
Fadogia agrestis supplements currently is not wise because of the lack of replication studies in rodents and any human evidence, and because of a possible increase in fat associated with peroxide membranes damaged cells to be further investigated to see if this is a concern and (if so) how much of the concern it is.
What You Should Know
Also known as
Paquin Gagai, aphrodisiac Black
Fadogia agrestis (and Rubiaceae) is a plant short shrub that seems to be the traditional use for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. [1] It is sometimes called the Nigerian plant [1] and can be found in the region that stretches from Ghana to Sudan [2] which seems to be popular herbs export base. [3]
Other reports indicate that this plant may be used to treat fever and malaria, [2] I have observed station has become an anti properties Plasmodium. [4] This plant is known as Pachin Gagai (Hausa) or black aphrodisiac (English). [5]
Fadogia agrestis traditionally used as an aphrodisiac agent loyal to the erection of the central and eastern African regions, and it seems that the extension on the basis of a very popular herbs
1.2. Installation
Fadogia agrestis seems to be a source for:
2,6-dimethyl -2 (E) and 6 (Z) -octadiene-1,8- diol and various rhamnose contain glycosides him, three of which are also acetylated to 8-hydroxy-dimethyl -2.6 -2 (E) and 6 (Z) -octadienoyl molecule [2]
Categories of nutrients in the plant alkaloids (0.32 +/- 0.06% of dry weight) saponins (2.08 +/- 0.07%) were detected to have low levels of both anthraquinones and flavonoids (both 0.09%); not for the triterpenoids, has been doping structures, and tannins. [1]
Currently, there are components of this herb well, and now it seems that the suspect alkylamide biologically active glycosides (this type of molecules is not very common in testosterone boosters, but consider Anacyclus previously pyrethrum
2. nerves
2.1. Bah
Gives Fadogia white hamsters given agrestis 18, 50 or 100 mg / kg of water extraction increases dose-dependent in the intervention assembly and frequency effective on the first day and a little more in day 5, reaching 370% of baseline values with a higher dose . [1] for a similar low latency mounting while the long latency period ejactulation to about 2.5 times of control. [1]
Respectable dose of this plant appears to have sexual desire and enhance the characteristics according to the study. Saleh size seems to be one of the most effective herbs to increase libido (slightly more effective than Nkotaiat flowers acmella)
3. interact with hormones
3.1. Testosterone
In white albino mice given Fadogia agrestis supplementary (18-100mg / kg water extraction) has been observed testosterone in the blood to increase in a dose-dependent manner to approximately 2 times (18 mg / kg) 3 times (50 mg / kg) and 6 times (100 mg / kg) after five days. [1]
The study examined a lonely very noticeable increase in testosterone over five days. They require potential longer studies in rodents (and payroll toxicity after a month or so, and can interact with testosterone properties reinforcing)
4. interactions organs of the body
4.1. Male genitalia
Mice study evaluated the effects of sexy aphrodisiac herb explained that the benefits that depend on the dose of an aqueous extract (18-100mg / kg) appeared for a long time to ejaculation. [1]
There is some limited evidence to support proerectile properties of this herb tests but an increase was also noted ejaculation latency and quite unique among the stimulants (usually shorten this time)
In the testes of rats receiving the same range of dose, for 28 days supplementation has been shown to increase testicular weight (by 11-15%, not the dose) associated with increaes sialic acid and cholesterol and glycogen content in the testicles. [6] alkaline phosphatase decreased testicular rose each of acid phosphatase and γ-GT, and believed that this particular set of changes that may be indicative of the cells. [6] subsequent study noticed a repeat dosing protocol and time [5] increase in blood lipid peroxidation (MDA through) but no clinical signs of toxicity or adverse changes in the weights of kidney and liver tissues.
Hibiscus rosasinensis Rosasinensis Hibiscus (China rose)
Hibiscus rosasinensis
Rosasinensis Hibiscus (China rose) flower traditionally used for hair growth and treatment of gastric ulcers. It has a general anti-oxidant properties, but underresearched otherwise.
What You Should Know
Also known as
China, violet rose, Chinese hibiscus, JASUN, Badsha Pasant, Gurhal, Ghorawal
Not to be confused with
Macranthus hibiscus Hibiscus and Hibiscus (same sex, different plants)
Rosasinensis Hibiscus (from Malvaceae family) and sometimes referred to as "China Rose" and although it is mainly decorative seems to be used in hair growth and prevent ulcers flower [1]. In Pakistan medicine, knows any Gurhal, JASUN, Ghorawal Badsha Pasant or where cough roots and flowers are used to aphrodisiac, emollient and emmenagogue. [2]
1.2. Installation
Rosasinensis Hibiscus tends to contain:
Cyanin and cyanidin glycoside [2]
Hibiscetin [2] and its glucoside Hibiscitrin [3]
Gossypitrin Sabdaritrin and [3]
Taraxeryl acetate [2]
β- sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and ergosterol [2]
Citric acid and oxalic Tataric and [2]
The initial presence of rigid, carbohydrate analysis, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids noted. [1]
2. interact with glucose metabolism
Oral ingestion of Hibiscus rosasinensis 250-500mg / kg alloxan-induced noticed diabetic rats that acute ingestion of this herb has reduced the level of sugar in the blood relative to the control, and highly similar to an active control glibenclamide (10M / kg). [4] / kg and sub-chronic treatment was more than 7 days suggested taking 500 mg effective on par with the 10 mg / kg glibenclamide in these mice. [4]
3. interact with hormones
3.1. Testosterone
A study conducted on mice treated with different extracts of hibiscus rosasinensis noted overall gain of body weight and an increase in the weight of the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle, which was weaker with cold water extraction and top with alcoholic extract [5] and authors. Hinted the effects of masculinity directly, and possible phytoandrogen content. [5]
4. interactions organs of the body
4.1. Stomach
In 250-500mg / kg of extract and in response to carbachol (Under cholinergic may stimulate the secretion of stomach acid [6]) and has been associated Rose China with less secondary ulceration secretion less acid (dose-dependent, but small enough that both doses are similar procedure) , which it is believed to be due to anti-cholinergic effects. [1]
4.2. Bowels
Found Rose China was to have a hostile effects of calcium channels (path causes relaxation depends on the dose of deflation caused by potassium), and showed the effects of spastic origin dose dependent 1-10 mg / ml, however, the effect was maximum (81.43 0.93 %) less than acetylcholine. Each of which has been angered by the M3 receptor antagonists (atropine). [2]
Rosasinensis Hibiscus (China rose) flower traditionally used for hair growth and treatment of gastric ulcers. It has a general anti-oxidant properties, but underresearched otherwise.
What You Should Know
Also known as
China, violet rose, Chinese hibiscus, JASUN, Badsha Pasant, Gurhal, Ghorawal
Not to be confused with
Macranthus hibiscus Hibiscus and Hibiscus (same sex, different plants)
Rosasinensis Hibiscus (from Malvaceae family) and sometimes referred to as "China Rose" and although it is mainly decorative seems to be used in hair growth and prevent ulcers flower [1]. In Pakistan medicine, knows any Gurhal, JASUN, Ghorawal Badsha Pasant or where cough roots and flowers are used to aphrodisiac, emollient and emmenagogue. [2]
1.2. Installation
Rosasinensis Hibiscus tends to contain:
Cyanin and cyanidin glycoside [2]
Hibiscetin [2] and its glucoside Hibiscitrin [3]
Gossypitrin Sabdaritrin and [3]
Taraxeryl acetate [2]
β- sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and ergosterol [2]
Citric acid and oxalic Tataric and [2]
The initial presence of rigid, carbohydrate analysis, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids noted. [1]
2. interact with glucose metabolism
Oral ingestion of Hibiscus rosasinensis 250-500mg / kg alloxan-induced noticed diabetic rats that acute ingestion of this herb has reduced the level of sugar in the blood relative to the control, and highly similar to an active control glibenclamide (10M / kg). [4] / kg and sub-chronic treatment was more than 7 days suggested taking 500 mg effective on par with the 10 mg / kg glibenclamide in these mice. [4]
3. interact with hormones
3.1. Testosterone
A study conducted on mice treated with different extracts of hibiscus rosasinensis noted overall gain of body weight and an increase in the weight of the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle, which was weaker with cold water extraction and top with alcoholic extract [5] and authors. Hinted the effects of masculinity directly, and possible phytoandrogen content. [5]
4. interactions organs of the body
4.1. Stomach
In 250-500mg / kg of extract and in response to carbachol (Under cholinergic may stimulate the secretion of stomach acid [6]) and has been associated Rose China with less secondary ulceration secretion less acid (dose-dependent, but small enough that both doses are similar procedure) , which it is believed to be due to anti-cholinergic effects. [1]
4.2. Bowels
Found Rose China was to have a hostile effects of calcium channels (path causes relaxation depends on the dose of deflation caused by potassium), and showed the effects of spastic origin dose dependent 1-10 mg / ml, however, the effect was maximum (81.43 0.93 %) less than acetylcholine. Each of which has been angered by the M3 receptor antagonists (atropine). [2]
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